• the birth of cities

The city (school, neighborhood) as a natural ecosystem (energy, water, wastes)

• energy flows through
• materials tend to move in cycles
• existence of niches
• differences from other natural systems

Physical structures

• materials: wood, brick, rock, concrete, steel, glass...
• structures: bridges, subways...

Energy

• steam engine
• electrification
• energy sources

Transportation

• transportation & city size
• mass transportation - in the age of: steam, electricity, petroleum

Communications

• information
• communicating
• computers

Cities of the Future

• predicting the future
• the virtual future
• the death of cities